Conditional sentences in English

Grammar revision for 4º ESO

Grammar revision for 4º ESO from Ana Arias Castro

Passive sentences in English

WHAT IS A PASSIVE STRUCTURE?
Active sentences usually focus on who did the action:

• My sister broke the window.

Whereas passive sentences usually focus on who or what suffered the effects of the action:

• The window was broken.

On most occassions the agent (who did the action) is not mentioned but, if relevant, it can be mentioned after the preposition by.

• The window was broken by my sister.
• Don Quixote was written by Cervantes.

HOW IS IT MADE?
Passive structures have these elements:

1. the passive subject (my sister)
2. verb be in the right tense (the same tense that would be used in the corresponding active structure)
3. the past participle of the lexical verb
4. only if necessary, the agent (by + ______)

CHANGING ACTIVE SENTENCES  INTO THE PASSIVE

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive structure
2. verb be in the same tense as the active verb in the active structure
3. past participle of the main verb
4. the subjet of the active sentence becames the object in the passive structure (by + agent)
• Peter builds a house. -> A house is built by Peter.
• They were cooking dinner when we arrived. -> Dinner was being cooked when we arrived.
• I will finish it tomorrow. -> It will be finished tomorrow.

PASSIVE SENTENCES WITH TWO SUBJECTS (ONLY ESO-4)
Some active sentences have both a direct and an indirect object. In English both can be the subject in a passive structure. The indirect object is introduced by to in the passive sentence.

• ACTIVE: My sister asked me a question.
• PASSIVE 1: A question was asked to me.
• PASSIVE 2: I was asked a question.

• ACTIVE. The teacher explained the exercise to the students.
• PASSIVE 1: The exercise was explained to the students.
• PASSIVE 2: The studens were explained the exercise.

Eso 3 passives from Ana Arias Castro

Revision of passive sentences from Ana Arias Castro

EXERCISES

• Exercise 1 (www.isabelperez.com)
• Exercise 2 (www.isabelperez.com)
• Exercise 3 (www.isabelperez.com)
• Exercises 4 (www.englisch-hilfen.de)
• Exercise 5 (www.itslj.org)
• Exercise 5 (http://a4esl.org)
• Exercise 6 passives in the present simple (Perfect English)
• Exercise 7 Passives in the past simple (Perfect English)
• Exercise 8 passives in the present perfect (Perfect English)
• Exercise 9 passives in the future simple (Perfect English)
• Exercise 10 mixed passive tenses (Perfect English)
• Exercise 11 passives with two objects (Perfect English) ONLY 4ºESO STUDENTS
• Exercise 12 (English Current)
• Passives (easier exercises)
• Passives (more difficult exercises)
• Hot Potatoes ESO-3
• Hot Potatoes ESO-4
• Passives Game (1 or 2 players)
• ESL library-correct verb form 
• Digital Campus-conversion exercise 
• ESL Lounge: active to passive exercise 

Passive structure

Conditional sentences in English

ZERO TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

MEANING& USE

The zero conditional is used to make statements about the real world, and often refers to general truths, such as scientific facts. In these sentences, the time is the present or always and the situation is real and possible.

• If you heat water, it boils.
• Water boils if you heat it.
• When you heat ice, it melts.
• Ice melts when you heat it.
• If it snows, the grass gets white.
• The grass gets white if it snows.
• When it rains, the grass gets wet.
• The grass gets wet when it rains.

FORM

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'):

If/when/unless + present simple, .... present simple.

EXERCISES

• Perfect English

1ST TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

MEANING & USE
The first conditional is also called the "real" conditional because it is used for real, or possible, situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.

In the first conditional we can salso use unless, which means "if... not". In other words, "... unless he hurries up" could also be written, "... if he doesn't hurry up."

1st type conditional sentence

• If it rains, we will stay at home.
• He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
• Sophie will buy a new car, if she gets her raise.

FORM
The first conditional is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma and a future simple verb (will + infinitive) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.

• If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies.

OR

• We will go to the movies if he finishes on time.

EXERCISES

• exercise 1- Ego4you
• exercise 2- Ego4you
• exercise 3- Englisch Hilfen: statements
• exercise 4- Englisch Hilfen: negatives
• exercise 5- Englisch Hilfen: mixed
• exercise 6- Englisch Hilfen: mixed-two blanks
• exercise 7- ESL Partyland
• exercise 8- Isabel Pérez matching exercise
• exercise 9- English Exercises
• exercise 10- First English
• exercise 11- English Grammar
• exercise 12: Perfect English

This sheet contains a summary of first, second and third type conditional sentences.

2nd TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

MEANING

2nd type conditional sentence

The second conditional is used to talk about situations or actions in the present or future which are not likely to happen or are imaginary, hypothetical or impossible.

• If I were a rich woman, I would travel around the world. I think it is very unlikely that I will be rich. However, in this unlikely condition, I will travel around the world.
• If I weren't / wasn't watching TV now, I would be playing tennis. I am watching TV, but I am imagining an alternative activity I would be doing if I wasn't watching TV
• If you had a bigger dog, your house would be protected. You don't have a big dog, but I am imagining how protected you would be if you had one.
• If I were an alien, I would be able to travel around the universe. It is impossible for me to be an alien. However, I am imagining what I would do in this situation.
• We would go to Paris this summer if we passed all our subjects. That is our plan but, unfortunatelly,  we know we are not going to pass all our subjects.

FORM

If + past simple + conditional (would)

Conditional (would) + if + past simple

Verb be is usually were for all subjects; was (1st & 3rd person) is colloquial.

SONGS

If I were a rich man (Fiddler in the Roof-movie)

If today was your last day (Nickleback)

If I were a boy (Beyonce)

EXERCISES

- from Isabel Pérez

- Englisch-hilfen.de 1

- Englisch-hilfen.de 2

- Englisch-hilfen.de 3

- Englisch-hilfen.de 4

- Englisch-hilfen.de 5
- Perfect English Grammar

- Malted ESO-4 unit 7 (Gwineth and the Wizard)

FIRST AND SECOND TYPE CONDITIONALS

• Exercise 1: unit 5 in your text book
• Exercise 2: write the correct verb forms (1st & 2nd type conditionals)
• Exercise 3: Englisch Hilfen
• Exercise 4: Englisch Hilfen
• Exercise 5: Ego4you
• Exercise 6: Ego4you
• Exercise 7: Ego4you-with auxiliary verbs
• Exercise 8. First English
• Exercise 9: English for you
• Exercise 10: ESL lounge
• Exercise 11: Edu GE
• Exercise 12: Speak Speak
• Exercise 13: English exercises
• Exercise 14: English Area

3RD TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

MEANING

The first conditional and second conditionals tell us about the future. With the third conditional we refer to the past. We speak about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

• If I had travelled to Italy I would have visited Luca. But I have not travelled to Italy and, therefore, I have not visited Luca.
• If you had got a good mark, would you have complained to the teacher? but your mark was bad, so we don't know for sure what you would have done.
• What would you have done if it had snowed last weekend? but it didn't snow.
• I wouldn't have called if I had known that she wasn't home. but I knew so I called

FORM

If + past perfect  // would have + past participle

Past participle // if + past perfect

EXERCISES

• Englisch Hilfen: statements 1
• Englisch Hilfen: negatives 1
• Englisch Hilfen: mixed
• Englisch Hilfen: mixed with negations
• Englisch Hilfen: easy conditionals
• Englisch Hilfen: medium conditionals

SONGS:

 

ALL TYPES OF CONDITIONALS

• All types- Englisch Hilfen
• All types 2 - Englisch Hilfen
• All types - Speak Speak
• All types - Speak Speak 2
• All types - First English
• All types - E-grammar

Bac 1 conditional sentences from Ana Arias Castro

Relative sentences

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

• who → when we talk about people
• which → when we talk about things
• whose → instead of his/her or their
• We also use that for who/which.
• where → when we speak about places
• when → when we speak about a period of time

Relative Pronouns from JoshBCN

OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

We leave out the relative pronoun (who/which/that) if it is not the subject in the sentence.

• That is the book I like.

If there is a verb after the relative pronoun who/which/that, do not leave out the relative pronoun.

• He is the teacher who spoke to us yesterday morning.

Examples with the relative pronoun who

1st part of the sentence			2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the boy	who	was	at the party yesterday.
Subject	Verb	Rest	Subject	Verb	Rest

who is subject in the sentence, do not leave it out.

1st part of the sentence			Pronoun	2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the boy	who	I	met	at the party yesterday.
This	is	the boy	can be left out	I	met	at the party yesterday.
Subject	Verb	Rest		Subject	Verb	Rest

who is not subject in the sentence, it can be left out.

Examples with the relative pronoun which/that

1stpart of the sentence			2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the bike	which	was	in the shop window.
Subject	Verb	Rest	Subject	Verb	Rest

which is subject in the sentence, do not leave it out.

1st part of the sentence			Pronoun	2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the bike	which	I	bought	yesterday.
This	is	the bike	can be left out	I	bought	yesterday.
Subject	Verb	Rest		Subject	Verb	Rest

which is not subject in the sentence, it can be left out.

TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

http://4thgradeela.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/7/7/20771340/5289752_orig.jpg

To understand the distinctions between that and which it is necessary to understand defining (restrictive) and non-defining (non-restrictive) clauses.

Learning these distinctions is one technical aspect of grammar that every user of English should understand, because it is at the root of an assortment of grammatical errors.

NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A non-defining, or non-restrictive, clause is one that can be regarded as parenthetical:

• My house, which has a blue door, needs painting.

The italicized words are effectively an aside and could be deleted. The real point of the sentence is that the house needs painting; the blue door is incidental.

Use commas to set off non-defining elements, which contribute to, but do not determine, the meaning of the sentence. These elements may be clauses (groups of words that contain a subject and a verb) or phrases (groups of words that do not contain both a subject and a verb).

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A defining, restrictive, clause is one that is essential to the sense of the sentence.

• My house that has a blue door needs painting.

Here the blue door is a defining characteristic, it helps to distinguish that house from my other houses.

Defining clauses or phrases are not separated off with commas. A restrictive clause or phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence; it defines the word it modifies by ›restricting‹ its meaning. Eliminating a restrictive element from a sentence changes its meaning dramatically.

EXERCISES

• who / which / whose 1 (Englisch Hilfen)
• who / which / whose 2 (Englisch Hilfen)
• who / whose / which 3 (English for You)
• who / which / whose (Ego4you)
• Link sentences with that / who (Perfect English Grammar)
• who / which / that / where / when (Montse Morales)
• Write the sentences in order-at the bottom (British Council)
•  Merge two sentences using a relative clause (Ego4you)

Use linking words in your texts

Passive sentences

Passive structures from Ana Arias Castro

Reported Speech

GENERAL RULES FOR REPORTED SPEECH

• Tenses change from present to past (if we are talking about what somebody said in the past):
  • “I am 15.” ⇨ He said he was 15.
  • “We have a problem.”⇨ They said they had a problem.
  • “I can swim.” ⇨ She said that she could swim.
  • “She comes by bus.” ⇨ He said that she came by bus.
  • “Your sister doesn’t like pizza.” ⇨ She said that my sister didn’t like pizza.
  • “You are looking through the window.” ⇨ He said that I was looking through the window.
  • “They will probably fail.” ⇨ She said that they would probably fail.
  • “My mother saw a mouse.” ⇨ She said that her mother had seen a mouse.
• Personal pronouns change (if somebody is telling
  what somebody else has said before):
  
  • “I am 15.” ⇨ He said he was 15.
  • “My mother saw a mouse.” ⇨ She said that her mother had seen a mouse.
  • “We saw you at the cinema.” ⇨ They said that they had seen me at the cinema.
• Place and time complements have to be adapted to the new context:
• He came here.” ⇨ They said that he had gone there. 
• “It’s raining today” ⇨ Jake said that it was raining then / yesterday.
• “I saw you last week.” ⇨ She said that she had seen me the week before.

STATEMENTS

• Tell and say are common reporting verbs. (Tell is used before an indirect object.):
• She said that she liked pizza.
• My mother told me to go with her.
• Everyone said that the lesson was very difficult.
• He told his friends about my illness.

• Other verbs can be used: know, promise, insist, warn...
• That can be omitted after say:
• She said that she liked pizza. ⇨She said she liked pizza.
• They knew that he liked her. ⇨They knew she liked her.

QUESTIONS

• Typical reporting verbs are: ask, wonder, want to know.
• He wanted to know the opening times of the museum.
• She wondered how old my mother was.
• Subject always comes before the verb:
• She asked me how old I was.
• If the question is answered with yes or no, if should be introduced before the indirect question:
• My sister asked if you wanted to come with us.
• I wondered if she was watching the programme on TV.
• If the questions cannot be answered with yes or no, and usually begins with how / when / what / where  / who / how old... you keep this element in the reported speech and don't add if:
• He asked me "What is your name? " ⇒ He asked me what my name was.
• My mother asked me: "What time did you arrive?" ⇒ My mother asked me what time I had arrived.
• Gina asked: "When will you come tomorrow?" ⇒ Gina asked when I would come / go the following day.

• We use ask / tell + object + (not) + to + infinitive to say what people want(ed) us to do:

• “Please, open the window.” ⇨ She asked us to open the window.

• “Tidy your room.” ⇨ My father told me to tidy my room.

• “Don’t smoke here.” ⇨ My aunt asked me not to smoke in her car.

ONLINE EXERCISES

HAVE OTHER TEACHERS HELP YOU UNDERSTAND REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech 4 ESO from IES - Junta de Andalucia

EXERCISES:

statements

• Englisch Hilfen 1 - sentences
• Englisch Hilfen 2 - sentences
• Englisch Hilfen 3 - sentences
• Englisch Hilfen 4 - pronouns
• Englisch Hilfen 5 - time phrases
• My English pages - sentences
• British Council
• Ego4You - sentences
• Perfect English - sentences

questions

• Englisch Hilfen 1 - questions
• Englisch Hilfen 2 - questions
• Ego4Youe -  questions
• Ego4You - questions 2
• Perfect English - simple questions
• Perfect English - more difficult questions

imperatives

• Englisch Hilfen 1 - commands
• Englisch Hilfen 2 - commands

First and second type conditional sentences

Passive sentences with two objects

Some active sentences have both a direct and an indirect object. In English both can be the subject in a passive structure. The indirect object is introduced by to in the passive sentence and the verb phrase is unchanged:

• ACTIVE: My sister asked me a question.
• PASSIVE 1: A question was asked to me.
• PASSIVE 2: I was asked a question.

• ACTIVE. The teacher explained the exercise to the students.
• PASSIVE 1: The exercise was explained to the students.
• PASSIVE 2: The studens were explained the exercise.

SOME EXERCISES

• Englisch-Hilfen: rewrite these active sentences in the passive (some of them have two possible answers)
• Perfect English Grammar: Change active sentences into the passive
• English 4 You: Write passive sentences starting with the personal object
• Ego 4 You: Write passive sentences starting with the element in bold
• Ego 4 You: Write passive sentences starting with the personal object (in the active)
• To Learn English: write passive sentences starting with the word given

Body Idioms

Relative clauses

RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

• who → when we talk about people
• which → when we talk about things
• whose → instead of his/her or their
• We also use that for who/which.

OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

We leave out the relative pronoun (who/which/that) if it is not the subject in the sentence.

• That is the book I like.

If there is a verb after the relative pronoun who/which/that, do not leave out the relative pronoun.

• He is the teacher who spoke to us yesterday morning.

Examples with the relative pronoun who

1st part of the sentence			2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the boy	who	was	at the party yesterday.
Subject	Verb	Rest	Subject	Verb	Rest

who is subject in the sentence, do not leave it out.

1st part of the sentence			Pronoun	2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the boy	who	I	met	at the party yesterday.
This	is	the boy	can be left out	I	met	at the party yesterday.
Subject	Verb	Rest		Subject	Verb	Rest

who is not subject in the sentence, it can be left out.

Examples with the relative pronoun which/that

1stpart of the sentence			2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the bike	which	was	in the shop window.
Subject	Verb	Rest	Subject	Verb	Rest

which is subject in the sentence, do not leave it out.

1st part of the sentence			Pronoun	2nd part of the sentence
This	is	the bike	which	I	bought	yesterday.
This	is	the bike	can be left out	I	bought	yesterday.
Subject	Verb	Rest		Subject	Verb	Rest

which is not subject in the sentence, it can be left out.

TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

http://4thgradeela.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/7/7/20771340/5289752_orig.jpg

To understand the distinctions between that and which it is necessary to understand defining (restrictive) and non-defining (non-restrictive) clauses.

Learning these distinctions is one technical aspect of grammar that every user of English should understand, because it is at the root of an assortment of grammatical errors.

NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A non-defining, or non-restrictive, clause is one that can be regarded as parenthetical:

• My house, which has a blue door, needs painting.

The italicized words are effectively an aside and could be deleted. The real point of the sentence is that the house needs painting; the blue door is incidental.

Use commas to set off non-defining elements, which contribute to, but do not determine, the meaning of the sentence. These elements may be clauses (groups of words that contain a subject and a verb) or phrases (groups of words that do not contain both a subject and a verb).

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A defining, restrictive, clause is one that is essential to the sense of the sentence.

• My house that has a blue door needs painting.

Here the blue door is a defining characteristic, it helps to distinguish that house from my other houses.

Defining clauses or phrases are not separated off with commas. A restrictive clause or phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence; it defines the word it modifies by ›restricting‹ its meaning. Eliminating a restrictive element from a sentence changes its meaning dramatically.

EXERCISES

• who / which / whose 1 (Englisch Hilfen)
• who / which / whose 2 (Englisch Hilfen)
• who / whose / which 3 (English for You)
• Link sentences with that / who (Perfect English Grammar)
• who / which / that / where / when (Montse Morales)